The Tradeoff

∞ Introduction ∞

Jñāna yoga

Many of us find life troubling at times. Knowing how humanity got to where it is today and what to do about it can put to rest many a puzzling and disturbing aspect of life. Jñāna yoga is a spiritual practice that pursues knowledge with questions such as “who am I, what am I”. This essay addresses such core questions.

To begin with, do we fully appreciate how recent the ancient practices we revere today came about? What drove humanity, after several hundred thousand years as modern humans just like us, to start suddenly down a path of such exponential cultural innovation? What deeper dynamics underpin religion, science, politics, literacy, economics… not to mention war and peace? I find the answers lie in the transition away from the egalitarian old ways of our ancestors to the hierarchical social structure permeating civilization… Happily, discovering deep causes can help cope with many of life’s difficulties.

Caution: My goal here is to draw as complete an overview of humanity as possible using a minimum of words. The Taoist in me knows more words obfuscate. As a result, I must lean heavily on the reader’s experience and overall sense of history to fill out the picture. The big picture this essay draws makes it dense and not a quick read. Study it patiently to obtain the most insight. For links to more detailed information, go to www.centertao.org/tradeoff. Printing out The Tradeoff may help.

Mental Pictures

Before plunging into The Tradeoff story proper, I would like to clarify what may be a major sticking point for many. The Taoist references in this essay can challenge one’s traditional common sense worldview. For example, chapter #56 of the Tao Te Ching says, Knowing doesn’t speak; speaking doesn’t know. Subdue its sharpness, untie its tangles. Soften its brightness, be the same as dust. This is called profound sameness. Last century’s discovery/ revelation of quantum mechanics parallels the Taoist core view. For instance, in The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (1930), Paul Dirac contrasted the traditional common sense Newtonian world and the quantum one: “It has become increasingly evident… that nature works on a different plan. Her fundamental laws do not govern the world as it appears in our mental picture in any direct way, but instead they control a substratum of which we cannot form a mental picture without introducing irrelevancies.”

Words form the framework of our “mental picture”. Quantum mechanics is just a more complex and indirect way of putting the Taoist view expressed in chapter #56 above, and throughout the Tao Te Ching. For example, The name possible to express runs counter to the constant name (chapter #1) and All realizing goodness as goodness, no goodness already (chapter #2). Finally, chapter #71’s Realizing I don’t’ know is better; not knowing this knowing is disease bluntly warns us of the danger of “introducing irrelevancies”.

Our mind is so utterly connected to words and language that it is our main way of knowing we know, and of perceiving the idea of the self. Perception outside that box is nearly impossible. When all we know from infancy onward is circumscribed by words, our psycho-emotional security hinges on words and the meaning they convey. Words, and the language we weave them into, allow us to pin down a secure symbolic and generalized reality in a cognitively convincing way. This is certainly useful up to a point. Still, how much is too much?

When we hear a word such as “tree”, we mentally picture a tree that has no reality other than in our mind. Even when we point to a physical tree, the word is an abstraction symbolic of that phenomenon unique in its own right. Words permit us to “introduce irrelevancies” which we then augment with emotion-tinged hierarchical “irrelevancy, such as this tree is more (or less) beautiful, useful, old, or tall, than that tree. Conversely, the more thoroughly you view life from a quantum mechanical (or Taoist) angle, the less certain reality becomes. Realizing I don’t know becomes easier. Hierarchy levels out into an egalitarian profound sameness wherein hierarchical “irrelevancies” can’t easily exist! Note: Before reading on, examine the graphics in this essay. It is important to appreciate the time scale these graphics show.

Polarity Severs Connection

At the outset, it is important to consider the era leading up to the prehistoric transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture. The discoveries of paleo-art of the Lower Paleolithic era (about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago) hint at the cognitive characteristics of this era’s Homo species. What inspired the artistic creativity in this group of modern humans (Homo sapiens) and our now extinct human ancestors?

From a symptoms point of view⁽¹⁾, the most straightforward hypothesis may be that this creative drive was symptomatic of these hominins’ concurrent cognitive evolution. Language, and specifically the dialectic nature of human language, “introduces irrelevancies” that split reality into polar extremes: good vs. bad, beauty vs. ugly, right vs. wrong, life vs. death, etc. This dialectic characteristic, with its polarizing quality, pervades human cognition causing us to feel a visceral sense of disconnection from Nature, i.e., Nature is not reducible to polar opposites! The disconnect with Nature we feel drives us to find ways to connect and feel Oneness again — Enter the arts, music, and spirituality of prehistoric peoples.

Note: The words and language we use to think about the world arise from the electro-chemical ON / OFF nature of the nervous system (neurons). This biology forces us to perceive reality in a dipolar way. While this ON/OFF process is just a speck of nature’s cosmic reality, this speck is the primary process life relies on to perceive and maneuver through the environment (i.e. survive).

In other words, survival rather than perceiving nature’s cosmic reality is the driving force of evolution. Obviously, our large brain fosters vast and subtle features of this ON/OFF process compared with protozoa or plants, for example. Alas, that advantage allows human language to intensify this dipolar perceptual bias.

The Tao Te Ching points to how language supplants intuition with cognition in its disclaimer in chapter #1: The way possible to think, runs counter to the constant way. The name possible to express runs counter to the constant name. Even so, archeology, along with research of unspoiled hunter-gatherer people in the last century, provides abundant evidence that our hunter-gatherer ancestors coped rather well with this cognitive dissonance through their profoundly egalitarian social structure and shared forms of self-expression. I’ll expand upon this later.

Domestication Ramps It Up

TheTradeoff story really begins with the domestication of fire 400,000+ years ago along with some degree of self-domestication (google [human self-domestication]). Even so, the event that kick started our shift into an hierarchical social order occurred just 15,000 years ago, with the domestication of dogs, soon followed by the domestication of meat animals, plants, and another round of self-domestication for us. Yes! Civilization’s hierarchical social structure is another form of self-domestication. Essentially, we forfeit some personal autonomy to conform, and thereby gain a secure niche in the social hierarchy.

The gradual process of domestication became truly problematic with the advent of grain agriculture, increasing population density and the top-down control of institutional hierarchy, beginning with fixed settlements like Jericho (9,000 BCE) and Catal Huyuk (7,500 BCE). The continuous surpluses made possible by grain agriculture are not natural in the wild. Surplus invites having, hoarding and greed, which stimulates the ego. This concurs with the “illusion of self”, as Buddha pointed out in his 2^nd Noble Truth, “the illusion of self originates and manifests itself in a cleaving to things”. This enhanced self (ego) helps exacerbate competitive hierarchical instincts and suppress cooperative egalitarian ones.

Divide and Conquer

The Neolithic Revolution, a global transition between 10,000 BC and 2,000 BC, added to the cognitive schism between nature and ourselves by displacing the egalitarian ways of our hunter-gatherer ancestors with the hierarchical social system we experience as civilization. This new civilizing social model exploited hierarchical instincts at the expense of egalitarian ones in order to manage the larger populations made possible by exponential advances in technology and agriculture.

Civilization emphasizes specialization, and through various ways—such as calendars, expertise, literacy, social ranking, etc.—essentially divides and conquers the egalitarian hunter-gatherer in each of us. The more specialized the activities of a culture, the more multi-layered and hierarchical its society. Indeed, niche specialization is the hallmark of advanced and sophisticated civilizations ⁽²⁾.

Such specialization is socially disconnecting and yet essential for organizing labor and minimizing social chaos. Moreover, social disconnection deepens as a civilization becomes more sophisticated and specialized over time. This is an excellent and ironic example of how solutions cause their own problems! Everything has its price.

Original Sin, Disease, and Free Will

The increasing sophistication of civilization over the millennia also aggravated the cognitive dissonance that arose during the Lower Paleolithic period. The socio-economic changes caused by the Iron Age helped bring this dialectic knowledge problem to a head. Interestingly, both the Bible and the Tao Te Ching speak to this knowledge problem. Genesis 2:17, But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. Similarly, the Tao Te Ching chapter #71 points out, Realizing I don’t know is better; not knowing this knowing is disease. It appears that what the Tao Te Ching calls disease parallels what Western religions call original sin.

Interesting also are the different ways each scripture deals with the sin/disease problem. The Bible goes on to imply that we have the free will to choose good over evil and thus avoid sin. In sharp contrast, the Tao Te Ching chapter #2 points out, All realizing goodness as goodness, no goodness already, i.e., the label ‘good’ awakens an opposite, ‘not good’, ‘bad’, ‘evil’, etc., making ‘good’ and ‘evil’ co-dependent. No wonder chapter #71’s advises, Realizing I don’t know is better. This is the Taoist way of avoiding the sin/disease problem… not free will.

Chapter #38 challenges the belief in free will too: Superior virtue never acts and never believes. The tipoff: This divorces action and belief from virtue, and by inference, any action influenced by a belief in free will. Absent an explicit (or implied) sense of free will, we can’t honestly credit anyone for selfless acts of virtue, or by inference, blame anyone for selfish acts of evil. Naturally, this seriously threatens the hierarchical dynamic upon which civilizations depend. ⁽³⁾

Cognitive Dissonance + Social Disconnection

There are two fundamental and interrelated factors to keep in mind: (A) the social disconnection caused by civilization and (B) the cognitive dissonance caused by the dialectic nature of language. Each exacerbates the other. Humanity traded the social security of the old way for the material security of agriculture and the hierarchical social system required to support it.

This hierarchical social model counteracts the egalitarian social self-security engendered by the old way of ancestral humanity. That lessening of social connection (A) along with the language-induced cognitive dissonance (B) fostered a subtle, albeit persistent, sense of separate self that leaves people feeling insecure and isolated.

Self-preservation instincts then drive this increasing sense of separate self to find a secure niche in the hierarchy. This means specializing in a meaningful role in order to belong to society. The resulting niches of specialization divide and rank a population from high to low, usually in this order: gods, kings, priests, teachers, warriors, artisans, traders, farmers, slaves, beggars and barbarians, (or the modern equivalents).

In addition, the settled existence accompanying civilization allows individuals to hold on to things to extend and safeguard their niche — to ‘keep up with the Joneses’, as it were. The holding on to things increases the sense of separate self — “the illusion of self” that Buddha pointed out in his second truth, i.e., “the illusion of self originates and manifests itself in a cleaving to things” — “things” include both the material and spiritual, and the physical and mental. Such attachment augments the original sense of a separate self, which leaves one feeling more isolated and insecure.

To top this off, the hierarchical ranking of ‘good’, ‘better’, and ‘best’ combines with Buddha’s “a cleaving to things” to create another illusion — the illusion of perfect. This deepens our split from Nature. To paraphrase chapter #2, All realizing perfect as perfect, no perfect already, i.e., the label ‘perfect’ awakens an opposite, ‘not perfect’ ‘wrong’, ‘faulty’. Perfect and Nature are incongruous. Nature’s reality is not a duality! The duality we perceive is simply a symptom of “introduced irrelevancies” arising from our cognitive sense of disconnection from Nature. The illusion of perfection also offers a way to establish hierarchical rank — a social measuring rod with, for example, ‘dullard’ on one end, and ‘genius’ on the other ⁽⁴⁾.

Given the increasing pressures to land a secure niche, to connect, it is not surprising that notions of free will, success, and perfection hold more sway. A belief in free will helps give people a sense of control over life with the power to fill their niche in the social hierarchy. The free will ideal offers us hope that we can find our own way through life, and that there is the chance we can gain fame, fortune, prestige, rank, friends and admirers. Finally, the enhanced notions of self and free will help support and even drive hierarchical forces and counteract the egalitarian ones.

But Isn’t Hierarchy Everywhere in Nature?

The degree of hierarchy in the ancestral old way vis-à-vis civilization makes all the difference! Unlike the old way, civilization requires and promotes hierarchy. Heroes, religion, competition, rewards, wealth, class, sports, arts, music, knowledge, skin color, etc., all play a role in advancing levels of better vs. worse, high vs. low, etc.

Civilization is hyper-hierarchical, built layer upon layer, niche upon niche — all serving to disconnect us socially, yet provide a niche to which we can support and connect — to a degree. The point is, the hyper-hierarchy of civilization makes social connection more problematic. This exacerbates the sense of disconnection generated by the cognitive dissonance caused by “introducing irrelevancies”.

Enter Religion and Practices like Yoga

Another notable feature of the transition from the old way to civilization was a major shift in spirituality. Social institutions arose for disconnected souls seeking re-connection; that is the job of religion. Religious gatherings offer the promise of egalitarian reconnection. Actually, any gathering, be it musical, political, or a yoga class, offers much the same. Note, the word religion is from the Latin religare — re = again + ligare = to bind, to connect. Similarly, yoga is from the Sanskrit yuj — yuj = to join, to unite. As we see, both are primarily about our dire need for connection!

Deity oriented religions from Christianity to Hinduism generally draw on the simple hierarchical structure of a family or a tribe, where a father or a tribal alpha-male (a.k.a. God) guides his flock. In addition, deity religions — especially Western religions — generally support the idea of self, free will, and free choice. Finally, they depend on their followers’ belief in the verity and legitimacy of words. The Bible offers many examples, e.g., “For the word of God is living and active…” Hebrews 4:12; “Sanctify them in the truth; your word is truth.” John 17:17. (Google [Bible Verses Word of Truth] for more.)

Interestingly, the core Buddhist and Taoist paths, and yoga to an extent, approach religion (re+ligare) a little differently. As evidenced by Buddha’s Four Truths and the Tao Te Ching, they appear to draw more on egalitarian instincts to push back on ‘the illusion of self’ and ‘the illusion of free will’. This is not to say deity-oriented religions don’t also tap into egalitarian instincts, but rather that they depend extensively on hierarchical authority.

Still, the core of yoga, as expressed in the Bhagavad Gita, is also prescriptive and hierarchical. For example, “For if a man thinks of the Spirit Supreme with a mind that wanders not, because it has been trained in yoga, he goes to that Spirit of Light.” It is easy to interpret this as validating free will and perfection, which sets the hierarchical bar unnaturally high.

Nevertheless, the promise of controlling one’s life and finding connection in a secure niche — in a “Spirit of Light” or whatever — is what we often yearn to hear. On the other hand, we have the ancient yogic sentiment Tat Tvam Asi, “Thou art that”. This all-connecting yogic ideal is a joining together, linking “I” and “that”. It doesn’t get more egalitarian than this!

Tat Tvam Asi is Profound Sameness

The problem we Homo sapiens (Latin: “wise man”) must deal with is our illusion of distinction born of language and the naming that supports it. We think we make wise distinctions. Tat Tvam Asi challenges our cognitive perception of difference — our “introduced irrelevancies”. This “wise man” aspect likely has its origins in what Buddha called the “illusion of self”. Naturally, some sense of self is essential for survival of any living thing! However, we humans have way too much of this sense of self, an imbalance going back to our hunter-gatherer ancestors. Civilization’s hierarchical social dynamics only exacerbate this cognitive distinction and its ensuing sense of disconnection.

Tat Tvam Asi corresponds to the Taoist idea of profound sameness. Again, as chapter #56 put it…

Knowing doesn’t speak; speaking doesn’t know. Subdue its sharpness, untie its tangles,
Soften its brightness, be the same as dust, This is called profound sameness.

This view of non-distinction reveals a subtler aspect of balance ⁽⁵⁾. When ‘thou art that’ there is no otherness. Without otherness, life can ride the wave of dynamic balance without dissonance. We can go with the flow, as they say. All this goes to point out how the egalitarian social settings of our illiterate “unsophisticated” hunter- gatherer ancestors helped imbue individuals with an innate sense of psycho-emotional balance. That sense of balance is the harmonious quality missing from civilized hyper-hierarchical society.

Our naming of things freezes the reality of the moment in memory, which we then do our best to impose upon nature’s wave of dynamic balance. Our fondly held illusions of difference produce and magnify a sense of psycho-emotional one-sidedness. Civilization’s incessant pigeonholing of reality increases hierarchical distinctions and we end up with a deepening sense of inequity even as we find our secure niche. We feel varying degrees of discomfort and scurry about throughout life striving to regain balance — to reconnect with the whole, so to speak. Even so, we fail. As the Tao Te Ching cautions, Realizing I don’t know is better; not knowing this knowing is disease.

But Language Helps Connect Us

Certainly, language facilitates communication and without it, we would lose a huge competitive advantage. Words impart a true survival advantage by categorizing nature even as their “introduced irrelevancies” disconnect us from nature. The innate need to feel connection causes language to evolve in storied ways that attempt to make up for this schism. This was adequate, at least in simpler times prior to civilization. Now it is often less than adequate. The words cause the disconnection, and ironically, we avidly use words to understand and increase our sense of connection.

Our cognitive dissonance along with the hyper-hierarchical dynamics of civilization deepens our sense of disconnection, social and otherwise. This compels us to fervently reach out and connect in a multitude of ways — gods, music, art, heroes, literature, clubs, sports, political groups, science… you name it! And, when this fails, we turn to drugs, alcohol and general self-indulgence to blot out our sense of disconnection.

The Old Way

In contrast to the circumstances of civilization I have just outlined, our hunter-gatherer ancestors had little opportunity to succumb to the problem of a separate self (ego) as Buddha pointed out, i.e., “the illusion of self originates and manifests itself in a cleaving to things”. Our ancestors, following the old way, were frequently on the move. “The illusion of self” could not develop as it does in the settled conditions of civilized society. Only when you settle down in one place for generations, can you accumulate enough things to augment “the illusion of self”!

Moreover, hunter-gatherer survival was best accomplished by group egalitarian instincts, with hierarchical instincts playing a minor social role. Any over expression of hierarchical instinct would threaten group cohesion and cooperation that was crucial for survival. In these circumstances, there would be little need for a spiritual ideal touting personal salvation via a God, a “Spirit of Light”, or whatever. The visceral sense of social security felt by belonging to one’s group was ample salvation.

In this way, we have evolved over millions of years, transiting through various Homo types — H. habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. ergaster, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis — to the current H. sapiens. To assume we could sanely shift so quickly from that balanced egalitarian old way to the opposite hierarchical social system of civilization is an ideal born out of ignorance. The irony is that we assume we can fix the problems of civilization by means of civilized solutions. This easily turns into fighting fire with fire, as history shows.

Was the old way really that way?

Archaeological and anthropological research tells us much about the old way. One of the most important resources is the research done by Lorna Marshall, an anthropologist who in the 1950s, 60s and 70s lived among and wrote about the previously unstudied !Kung people of the Kalahari Desert. For details, see https://centertao.local/kung.

Note, I’m not claiming our ancestors were living in a Garden of Eden of egalitarian harmony. They had their difficulties like all other animals. I am just noting the naive tradeoff our ancestors made in their move to civilization. Up until now, our bias has been on how superior civilization and we humans are. I am attempting to reveal another side that we usually rather not see deeply… but perhaps should. This excerpt from Marshall’s research, The !Kung of Nyae Nyae, hints at what humanity lost in its unwitting tradeoff for material comfort and security:

“The [Ju/wasi] are extremely dependent emotionally on the sense of belonging and companionship. Separation and loneliness are unendurable to them. I believe their wanting to belong and be near is actually visible in the way families cluster together in an encampment and in the way they sit huddled together, often touching someone, shoulder against shoulder, ankle across ankle. Security and comfort for them lie in their belonging to their group free from the threat of rejection and hostility.

I believe that the importance of the group showed clearly in the way that the people made decisions. Women were as much a part of this as men. The people would talk together, for days if necessary, until every point of view had been considered. Our notions of secret ballots and majority rule would have seemed unpleasant to them—they preferred consensus, with everyone knowing the thoughts and feelings of everyone else, and everyone pleased with the decision. Our notions of individuality would also have seemed inappropriate to the Ju/wasi—they expected to function as group members.”

A New Old Way

The downside of civilization is the destabilizing price is forces us to pay for our material comfort and security. Indeed, this tradeoff accounts for most, if not all, of the societal ills humanity faces. Yet, we would not go back to the ancestral old way even if we could. Even so, there is hope if we can begin to comprehend the profound role civilization has had in creating the problems we find so serious. Knowing true causes always improves one’s probability for effective management! Conversely, ignorance often ends up playing “Whack-a-Mole”.

“Right Comprehension”, the first step on Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Path, can help alleviate the consequences of hierarchical civilization and much of the ignorance that follows in its wake, at least on the personal level. No doubt, an honest public understanding of the underlying causes of civilization’s problems could help society manage this current phase of our evolution better as well.

However, any effort to enlighten the whole population reminds me of the maxim, “You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink”. People “drink” in whatever tends to support their beliefs and biases, and so we listen mostly to what we want to hear. Yet, I see a natural way around this.

Onward to 12,000 A.D.

Civilization reflects the median aspects of its population’s inclinations. A population’s median age plays a major role in these aspects, i.e., our inclinations mature as we age, and thus so should a civilization’s. In other words, the longer each of us attends the school of life, the more wisdom deepens as we experience humbling losses and failures, and face our own mortality and ultimate ignorance.

Life expectancy at birth was a brief 25 years during the Roman Empire, it reached 33 years by the Middle Ages and rose to 55 years in the early 1900s. Median age is a more accurate way to consider a whole population; however, data for that metric is only available for recent years.

The median age of the world’s population was estimated to be 23 years in 1950. The world’s median age is estimated to rise to 37 by 2050. With the exponential advances in modern medicine, how much will it rise by the year 2100, 2200, 2300… 12,000? Put another way, a population whose median age is under thirty results in an overly active and teenagely impulsive civilization, as history shows. That would not be the case for a population with a median age of eighty or one hundred and eighty — I’m certain ⁽⁶⁾!

In addition, a falling birth rate also moves a population’s median age upward, and wealthier populations have declining birth rates. However, don’t hold your breath waiting for a major increase in global standards of living and median age. This may take hundreds or thousands of years, but it’s inevitable. Even if this takes another 10,000 years… well, we’re half way there! In addition, the rate of change looks exponential judging from the Anthropocene chart above. Yes, this paints an ominous picture short-term, but the median age is increasing exponentially as well. In any case, Nature is always in command so the cup is always half full!

Adapting Moment by Moment Personally

Most of what I do in life helps fill the void in me that would never exist were I born 10,000+ years ago in the more balanced egalitarian and physically demanding circumstances of the old way. Now, like everyone else, I just hunt and gather in other ways. My quest to figure life out has certainly been a major aspect of this adaptation. I hunt and gather reasons for why life is the way it is.

However, in the moment-to-moment, the most essential hunt and gather adaptation for me has been yoga. By yoga, I don’t mean any particular activity! To paraphrase the Taoist disclaimer of chapter 1: The yoga possible to express runs counter to the constant yoga. Let’s return to the core meaning of the word yoga: “to join”, “to unite”. Any life action that fulfills this process is a pathway for moment-to-moment connection. Eventually, as the Bhagavad-Gita puts it, “A harmony in eating and resting, in sleeping and keeping awake: a perfection in whatever one does. This is the Yoga that gives peace from all pain”… Well, peace from much of the psycho-emotional pain anyway.

This constant yoga offers me a way of paying a daily price for the civilized degree of comfort and security that I enjoy. Happily, a degree of life balance returns when I pay this price honestly and watchfully. Chapter #56’s Knowing doesn’t speak; speaking doesn’t know reminds me of the maxim, ‘actions speak louder than words’. To this point, Buddha’s Fourth Truth states in part, “There is salvation for him whose self disappears before truth, whose will is bent on what he ought to do, whose sole desire is the performance of his duty.”

Naturally, duty here is anything you sincerely feel a need to do right — a perfection in whatever one does. This applies to conforming to any activity, physical or intellectual, e.g., ballet, sports, math, cooking, music, raking leaves, brushing your teeth, and of course religious practices. Indeed, I can’t think of anything in life that is excluded. (See also Buddha’s Truths Pertain To All Life, p.545)

Consequently, performing your duty — your constant yoga — whatever that is in your life, can be your way of filling the void left by civilization and paying for the comfort and security you enjoy. A degree of life balance returns when you pay this price as honestly and watchfully as possible.

A meaningful life means a meaningful struggle

Civilization’s unbridled advancement of comfort and security allows us to take the path of least resistance more than would be possible living in the wild. This imbalance is detrimental to physical, and by extension, mental health.

Nature shows us that struggle is an essential factor in life. Take a tree for example, it diligently sends its roots down deep enough to fetch nutrients. The survival struggle lies at the root of its life’s meaning, for trees, for humans… for all living things. Indeed, just consider how everything nature does has intrinsic meaning.

All living things have evolved to struggle! In the wild, this struggle is obvious when you look closely at the lives and interactions of all living things. Living things struggle in two primary ways: (1) Internally via the interplay between the core emotions of fear and need—essentially flight or fight. Internally also via the immune system’s work to ward off invading threats. (2) Externally via the skeletal muscle system’s work to ward off threats, and hunt and gather the nutritional necessities for survival.

Evolution, in particular, is the process of adapting an organism’s biology to its circumstance. This struggle bestows the quintessence of a meaningful life for all living things. Human biology evolved to meet the challenge of life in the wild, not in civilization’s realm of enhanced comfort and security. Civilization’s success at circumventing the grittier aspects of life’s survival struggle comes at a price. Our survival energy ends up seeking other outlets—life energy must flow. Where and how it flows healthfully is the vital question.

For example, in the 19^th century we discovered microbes and, through proper sanitation, how to protect ourselves from them. In the 20^th century, we perfected this defense further through antibiotics and ultra sanitation. It now turns out that a lack of exposure to, and challenge by, the ‘dirty natural world’ can cause a person’s immune system to turn in on itself. Survival energy veers off course in unhealthy ways, e.g., allergies and digestive disorders

The same dynamic must also apply to the physical realm, and our skeletal-muscle system’s need for sufficient challenge to thrive. Without enough of this, emotions will take on the struggle, as it were, and we chase after life-meaning in ways that are more neurotic.

The simple lesson here is that hominids evolved a primal set of emotional and physical features over millions of years to promote their survival. Rampant human innovation interferes with these primal needs, which throws life-meaning out of balance. Overall, much of the dysfunction humanity experiences, at least in part, is a symptom of a fundamental life-meaning imbalance.

And yet, it’s all good

But so what, I ask? After all, nature uses the dynamic flow between balance and imbalance to carry out its evolutionary work. We’re still on track. Humanity’s primal struggle has been one of physical survival up to now. In the future, as humanity succeeds in conquering its physical comfort and security issues, our sense of disconnection will only deepen. Our struggle for a meaningful life will increasingly take place in the psycho-emotional realm. This simply means the focus of our evolutionary struggle will be shifting from the physical to the emotional.

Fortunately, one can restore some personal balance by pushing back on one’s ever-present desire for optimal comfort and security. This usually entails some type of lifelong daily practice that helps connect one to oneself ⁽⁷⁾. In short, hope lies in diligently compensating for the loss of natural pushback Mother Nature would provide one in the wild.

Diligence!

Buddha’s last words were, “All things are impermanent. Work out your own salvation with diligence”. This is straightforward, yet it is natural for any animal, human included, to avoid striving diligently when there is no clear and present need to do so. Free anything is an enticing natural illusion — a bio-hoodwink ⁽⁸⁾ I call it. In the wild, animals have no choice but to strive diligently and in return experience a truly meaningful existence. It can be intensely otherwise for us, as we know. Nevertheless, when all else fails, stepping up to pay the price, your duty — your constant yoga — is as easy as it is unavoidable ⁽⁹⁾.

In Summary:

Happiness is what we yearn for, right? Pinning down what brings true happiness is the problem. To me, happiness really amounts to feeling life meaningful. Lacking that, life feels empty, which makes life’s pleasures even more enticing—unbalancing.

So, what actually makes life meaningful? Examined closely, fear and need reveal the process for how life plays out for us, and all of life really. Briefly: fear ⇒ need ⇒ movement ⇒ happiness. (Note: “⇒” is short for “brings about”)

This shows why ideas, pleasures, objects, or money alone never brings happiness. They only are meaningful when they are an integral part of the flow ð portrayed above. For example, if a fear of poverty drives your need to work hard (movement) you will feel life meaningful, and probably end up with money as well. But, it is the need driving the movement that creates meaning that instills happiness, not any resulting wealth. Buddha’s “Strive on diligently” is just a summary of this full process. (See A final word on fear, p.634 and A final word on need, p.639)

Finally, you may ask, “So what?” “How does any of this knowledge solve anything?” Well of course it doesn’t! That ship has sailed. However, I find that simply knowing the underlying forces at work in my life allows me to fully settle into reality. Or as the Tao Te Ching suggests, To the outside world, contrary indeed. Then, and only then, reaching great conformity..

Postscript and Perhaps Future Epitaph

I’ve been trying to figure life out since I was about 10 years old. I hunt and gather answers, which always reveal deeper questions. And I will be at this until I reach that happy hunting ground. Even so, I feel this essay is a milestone in this pursuit. Much of this journey has been a search to answer the problem of human suffering. This may stems from my inability to trust any cultural answer as adequate, although Buddha’s Four Noble Truths and the Tao Te Ching have come closest.

That has forced me to go through life reinventing the wheel, which isn’t a bad approach really. As Buddha advised, “Don’t accept my teachings on faith; instead, verify them through personal experience”. Indeed, how can we trust anything we have not found to be true through our own experience?

Usually people rely on the recommendations of others, but how do these ‘others’ truly know? It all rests on blind faith at some point. Again, as the Tao Te Ching cautions us, Of ancients adept in the way, none ever use it to enlighten people, They will use it in order to fool them. It is wise to be wary. The first line of chapter 71 says it all… Realizing I don’t’ know is better; not knowing this knowing is disease.

My reinventing the wheel quest began when my brother died in 1964. A quandary over the nature of life and death consumed me for months until I simply realized that life and death were two sides of the same coin. This culminated a few decades later in the Correlation process, p.565, which helps counteract the problem Paul Dirac described earlier — “…we cannot form a mental picture without introducing irrelevancies.” (See p.550) We complicate matters by attempting to conceal the ‘irrelevancies’ with the certainty of belief. Correlations goes in the opposite direction by disassembling language and its words, which helps to neutralize this blind faith.

Overall, my writings have sought to work out the diverse aspects of suffering and explore feasible solutions. The Tradeoff feels like the culmination of this search. I now fully realize how much human psycho-emotional suffering is a direct result of civilization and its hierarchical basis. All the same, I regard this as only nature’s evolutionary process working through the kinks. Seeing all this as simply nature’s balancing process gives me great peace of mind. Although not a solution per se, perhaps this overview of the tradeoff humanity made may help resolve some troubling issues for others.

Note: I do find it very helpful to keep the essence of this overview in a constant active corner of my awareness. I feel chapter 52 recommends such mindfulness.

All under heaven had a beginning; consider the origin of all under heaven.
Already having this origin, use this to know its offspring.
Already knowing its offspring, return to observe the origin.
Nearly rising beyond oneself.

Squeeze exchange, shut the gates; to the end, oneself diligent.
Open the exchange, help its affairs; to the end, oneself no relief.
Seeing the small is called clarity, abide yielding is called powerful.
Use the light, and again return to clarity, not offer oneself misfortune.
This serves as practicing of the constant.

Endnotes

⁽¹⁾ A symptoms point of view, p.141, is the search for the underlying causes of observable phenomena, and the even deeper causes of those causes… ad infinitum. Here, the question reigns supreme; the answer becomes just a passing effect on the quest for noticing deeper causes. No leaping to the ‘answer of the day’ here.

⁽²⁾ The more sophisticated a civilization, the more diverse its cultural activity. Diversity divides rather than unites. On the other hand, diversity is healthy if there is enough diversity to thwart a tyranny of the majority. You can see the inherent tension civilization must cope with. Wanting to have it both ways is challenging!

Cultural life divides itself up into narrower and narrower niches. Think of any area of life and compare it to history vis-à-vis specialization and sub-specialization. Advancing technology plays a big role in this, but so too does the bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to support an advancing civilization.

Dividing culture into niches is disconnecting, yet for the niche’s specialists, aspirants, and even fans, it does provide a sense of meaningful connection and life purpose. Overall, however, it works against the deep sense of social unity that our hunter-gatherer ancestors enjoyed.

⁽³⁾ See posts: Free Will: Fact or Wishful Thinking?, p.587. For more, review: Of Free Will, I Am, p.319; Is Happiness In Your Choices?, p.403; Instinctive Free Will, p.416; Free Willer’s Anonymous, p.420, and finally, Is ‘Free Will’ the Only Option? p.9.

⁽⁴⁾ Our innate social instincts also express themselves much more intensely due to the social divide that civilization’s hierarchical structure produces. This effect is strikingly obvious when this rift pushes human behavior to extreme, albeit rare, outliers of kindness like Mister Rogers, Mother Teresa and Mahatma Gandhi, or of cruelty like serial killer H.H. Holmes, Khmer Rogue’s Pol Pot and Adolf Hitler. On the other hand, this effect is ubiquitous in subtle and insidious ways that often skirt our awareness. Fire up your ‘symptoms point of view’ and inspect aspects of society that concern you. Ask, “What role does this play in social hierarchy?” The connection will nearly always be there; you must just dig for it.

⁽⁵⁾ The only time I feel ultimate balance is when all distinctions vanish. Naturally, that is a fleeting experience, but it helps at least to realize that the ‘no thing’ of balance is the ‘bottom layer’, the founding principle, the model, the ebb and flow cycle, and the primary pattern of emergent existence. No matter how I look at life, I always end back to balance as a key principle driving the whole shebang.

Balance is the fulcrum of emergent properties. (See post Tao As Emergent Property, p.121.) Balance is the circle around which emergent properties play out. Balance runs the show. Balance is the least common denominator of existence — and non existence. Obviously, I can’t sing the praise of balance enough!

⁽⁶⁾ When I discuss this, people often disagree that aging confers wisdom, and so can’t accept increasing median age as a solution for the evils of civilization. Oddly, they will say they are wiser now than before — they just doubt most others are. I understand a younger person’s doubt. They have yet to acquire enough experience to verify this. However, older people’s doubt puzzles me. Is this because solutions that evolve naturally and exceedingly slow are unappealing?

(See Don’t trust anyone under 60, p.193; And Then There Was Fire, p.296; and Counterbalancing I.Q., p.372, for more on the impact of a rising median age.)

⁽⁷⁾ See Hatha Yoga: The Essential Dynamics (www.centertao.org/yoga) Also see posts, Giving Your Life a Gift, p.264; Tao as Emergent Property, p.121; and The Nutty Things We Do, p.143.)

⁽⁸⁾ The bio-hoodwink, p.11, p.100, refers to the underlying biological forces that drive survival. These primal forces of attraction and aversion steer all life’s responses to stimuli. For example, sunshine attracts both human sunbathers and sunflowers. The difference between the two is the human capacity for thought. Attraction and aversion stimulate thought, which generates expectations. For example, take a sunbather’s desires or worries about a vacation at the beach… not so for the sunflower. The bio-hoodwink plays out this way:

Attraction (need) + thought = desire, positive expectations.
Aversion (fear) + thought = worry, negative expectations.

Lacking thought, animals and plants don’t desire or worry, nor can they form either positive or negative expectations or regrets. Our ancestors could, but their egalitarian circumstances helped minimize the potential for cognitive dissonance.

Having lost the deeper social connection of our ancestors, we compensate by “cleaving to things”, be they physical (goods) or mental (stories, beliefs, ideals). This cleaving offers us a pseudo sense of connection and augments the “illusion of self” that Buddha described. (See also, Fear & Need Born in Nothing, p.485.).

⁽⁹⁾ The matter of “stepping up to pay the price” invariably underlies our judgments of what we or other people should or should not do. Such opinions are usually a symptom of our own failure to “pay the price” honestly and fully. As a social species, we project onto others by means of mirror neurons whatever is important to us — and vice versa. This occurs in proportion to our own perceived failure to measure up, so to speak. (Correlations hint at what drives all this, i.e., fear ≈ failure ≈ loss ≈ death vs. need ≈ success ≈ gain ≈ life.)

This is not to suggest that you could be paying the price any more honestly or fully than you are doing right now. Merely comprehending what spawns your judgments may enhance self-honesty, and with that… Who knows?